Education Glossary
Terms about reading, memory and development, including the principles our materials are built on.
20 entries
- Comprehensible input이해 가능한 입력The claim that language is acquired by receiving input a little beyond the current level but still understandable.
- Critical and sensitive periods결정적 시기와 민감기The idea that there is a window especially favourable for acquiring language, now usually described as a gradual sensitive period rather than a hard cutoff.
- Decoding해독Turning letters into sounds to read a word.
- Dialogic reading상호작용식 책 읽기A way of sharing a book in which the adult asks and responds rather than only reading aloud.
- Dual coding이중부호화The theory that words and images are stored through separate channels, so pairing them gives memory two routes back.
- Fine motor skills소근육 운동 능력Control of the small movements of the hand and fingers, the base that handwriting sits on.
- Generation effect생성 효과The finding that people remember information better when they produce it themselves than when they only read it.
- Joint attention공동 주의A state in which adult and child attend to the same thing. Names given at that moment stick best.
- Mastery learning and the 2 sigma problem완전학습과 2시그마 문제Letting a learner master one step before moving on. Combined with one to one tutoring it produced a large achievement gap in Bloom's report.
- Oxford Reading TreeORTA primary reading scheme from Oxford University Press, known for splitting difficulty into numbered stages.
- Phonics파닉스Teaching the relationship between letters and sounds in a planned order so that children can decode words.
- Phonological awareness음운 인식The ability to hear, split and manipulate the sounds of speech. It develops before letters and underpins reading.
- Reading fluency읽기 유창성Reading accurately, at a reasonable pace, with natural phrasing.
- Retrieval practice인출 연습Practising by pulling information out of memory instead of rereading it. For the same time spent it lasts longer than restudying.
- Scaffolding스캐폴딩Giving support in the range where a learner can succeed with help, then removing it step by step.
- Self reference effect자기참조 효과Information processed in relation to oneself is remembered better, and the gap is larger for children.
- Sight words사이트 워드Words a child recognizes whole, without sounding them out, typically very frequent ones like the, is and you.
- Spacing effect간격 효과For the same total study time, spreading it over several sessions produces longer lasting memory than one massed block.
- Vocabulary spurt어휘 폭발A period when known words increase sharply. Notably, it does not appear in every child.
- Working memory작업 기억The ability to hold and manipulate the information needed right now. Its capacity is small.